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In which design are all
participants exposed to all experimental conditions?
(a) randomized, posttest-only
(b) randomized, pretest-posttest
(c) within-subjects
(d) between-subjects
What is the major strength of the
within-subjects design?
(a) More participants can be used in a single study.
(b) Interactive effects can be identified.
(c) Carry-over effects are eliminated.
(d) It guarantees that the participants in the various
conditions are equivalent at the start of the study.
Which of the following is NOT used
in correlated-groups designs?
(a) matching of participants
(b) free random assignment to conditions
(c) within-subjects procedures
(d) careful measurement of the dependent variable
Which of the following is a
potential confounding factor in within-subjects designs, but not
in a between-subjects design?
(a) regression to the mean
(b) sequence effects
(c) attrition
(d) history
Why do the authors of this text
consider correlated-groups designs to be true experiments?
(a) They maximize error variance.
(b) They always use score data.
(c) They randomly assign all participants to conditions.
(d) They meet the requirement of equivalence of groups.
Which of the following is an
appropriate statistical test for a within-subjects experiment
with two experimental conditions and a dependent variable that
produces score data?
(a) repeated measures ANOVA
(b) t-test for independent groups
(c) chi-square
(d) ANOVA for independent groups
What makes within-subjects designs
more sensitive than between-subjects designs?
(a) They control for effects of maturation.
(b) They reduce error variance.
(c) They increase the number of participants.
(d) They require more measurements per condition.
What is the term for the unwanted
enhancement of performance on subsequent conditions in
within-subjects designs?
(a) positive practice effect
(b) negative practice effect
(c) participant attrition
(d) performance maturation
How many orders of presentation are
necessary to counterbalance in an experiment with four
experimental conditions?
(a) 10
(b) 4
(c) 24
(d) 5
In matched-subjects designs,
(a) each participant is exposed to all levels of the
independent variable.
(b) each participant is exposed to only one level of the
independent variable.
(c) there must be at least three levels of the independent
variable.
(d) there must be at least four levels of the independent
variable in order to accomplish the proper matching.
Which of the following is true for
within-subjects designs?
(a) There must be at least three conditions manipulated.
(b) participants are all randomly assigned to conditions.
(c) Each participant serves as his or her own control.
(d) They require more participants than between-subjects
designs do.
Compared with between-subjects
designs, correlated-groups designs
(a) are more precise in their findings.
(b) require more participants.
(c) are more likely to require ANOVAs.
(d) are more sensitive to the effects of the independent
variable.
In within-subjects designs, the
unwanted effects due to the influence of one condition on the
following conditions is called
(a) positive practice effects.
(b) negative practice effects.
(c) carry-over effects.
(d) attrition effects.
If strong carry-over effects are
expected in an experiment,
(a) the within-subjects design is not recommended.
(b) the within-subjects design is recommended.
(c) controls for attrition are crucial.
(d) the problem statement for that particular study cannot
be researched.
Matching participants
(a) becomes easier as the number of matching variables
increases.
(b) increases error variance.
(c) is best when there are a small number of matching
variables.
(d) requires equal numbers of males and females.
Which of the following is a major
control for sequence effects?
(a) random assignment of participants
(b) counterbalancing
(c) holding the variable constant
(d) including the factor as a research variable
What are the two types of designs
used to introduce the correlation in correlated-groups designs?
(a) within-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs
(b) between-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs
(c) randomized-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs
(d) between-subjects designs and within-subjects designs
Single-subject experiments
(a) are the same as case studies.
(b) differ from case studies because independent variables
are manipulated.
(c) cannot support causal inferences.
(d) have extremely high external validity.
Which of the following is true
about single-subject designs?
(a) They are variations of within-subjects designs.
(b) They have poor internal validity.
(c) They have good internal and external validity.
(d) They have poor internal validity but good external
validity.
Why is a final A to B (i.e., back
to the treatment) reversal sometimes carried out in reversal
designs?
(a) to demonstrate control
(b) to reduce the number of participants needed
(c) for ethical reasons
(d) both a and c
Reversal designs are also called
(a) pre-post designs.
(b) randomized time-series designs.
(c) multiple baseline designs.
(d) ABA designs.