Ninth Edition CoverGraziano & Raulin
Research Methods (9th edition)

Chapter 11 True/False Questions
Correlated-Groups and Single-Subject Designs

Challenge yourself with these true/false questions. Click on your choice to see if you are correct.

  1. The primary difference between a single-variable, independent-groups experiment and a single-variable, correlated-groups experiment is that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variable in the latter design. (True/False)

  2. Correlated-groups designs do not provide random assignment of participants to groups but, nevertheless, do provide equivalent groups at the start of the study. (True/False)

  3. Generally speaking, correlated-groups designs will provide less sensitivity than between-subjects designs to the effects of the independent variable. (True/False)

  4. Because of the greater sensitivity of the correlated-groups designs, these designs are preferred by many researchers. (True/False)

  5. In a within-subjects design, the dependent variable is held constant within each participant. (True/False)

  6. Both within-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs qualify as correlated-groups designs. (True/False)

  7. In a within-subjects design, each participant serves, in essence, as his or her own control. (True/False)

  8. In a within-subjects design, each participant is tested under all conditions of the study. (True/False)

  9. A within-subjects design has some similarity to a single-group, pretest-posttest design. (True/False)

  10. One potential confounding variable in a within-subjects design is the possibility of sequence effects. (True/False)

  11. Sequence effects are found in both within-subjects designs and between-subjects designs. (True/False)

  12. A major control for sequence effects is counterbalancing. (True/False)

  13. Within-subjects designs can be analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. (True/False)

  14. The F ratio in a repeated measures ANOVA should not be interpreted in the same way as the F ratio in a simple one-way ANOVA. (True/False)

  15. A repeated measures ANOVA is less sensitive to differences between conditions, because the individual differences component of the error term has been removed. (True/False)

  16. One weakness of the within-subjects design is that there is no guarantee that the groups are equivalent at the beginning of the study. (True/False)

  17. If we wanted 10 participants per condition and we had three conditions in the experiment, we would need 30 participants in a within-subjects design. (True/False)

  18. An advantage of a within-subjects design is that sequence effects do not occur. (True/False)

  19. Practice effects are one type of sequence effect. (True/False)

  20. Performance in later conditions in a within-subjects design might be decreased by fatigue, which is an example of a negative practice affect. (True/False)

  21. Carry-over effects are a special case of practice effects. (True/False)

  22. The presence of carry-over effects will depend on the particular conditions that have preceded the current condition. (True/False)

  23. Practice effects might be controlled by allowing participants sufficient practice time prior to the beginning of data collection, so that all participants reach some criterion. (True/False)

  24. In a within-subjects design, carry-over effects can be controlled only by varying the order of presentation of conditions. (True/False)

  25. Counterbalancing the order of presentation of conditions is not a particularly effective control for carry-over effects. (True/False)

  26. With three experimental conditions, there are a total of three counterbalanced orders of presentation. (True/False)

  27. As the number of conditions increases, the number of counterbalanced orders decreases. (True/False)

  28. If strong carry-over effects are expected, a within-subjects design with counterbalancing is the best control procedure. (True/False)

  29. In matched random assignment, participants are first assigned to groups, and then the groups are matched on the dependent variable. (True/False)

  30. In a matched-subjects design, carry-over effects are not a problem. (True/False)

  31. In a matched-subjects design, participants should be matched on a variable that is likely to have an effect on the dependent variable in the study. (True/False)

  32. Matched random assignment can only be done in those situations in which matching is needed only on a single variable. (True/False)

  33. If we have three conditions in an experiment and want to use a matched-subjects design, we would need to match participants in triplets. (True/False)

  34. Like the within-subjects design, the matched-subjects design is analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. (True/False)

  35. The primary strength of the matched-subjects design is that it provides the greater sensitivity of a correlated-groups design, without the problem of carry-over effects. (True/False)

  36. "Statistical power" is another term for the increased sensitivity characteristic of correlated-groups designs. (True/False)

  37. The primary advantage of a between-subjects design is the ease with which the groups can be matched. (True/False)

  38. Single-subject designs and time-series designs are variations of within-subjects designs. (True/False)

  39. Single-subject designs cannot be used to draw causal inferences because no control group is included. (True/False)

  40. Another name for the ABA design is the reversal design. (True/False)

  41. Historically, single-subject designs have been used only in the evaluation of treatment effects in clinical psychology and medicine. (True/False)

  42. The reversal design demonstrates the relationship between the independent and dependent variable by showing that consistent change in the dependent variable is contingent on the level of the independent variable. (True/False)

  43. The multiple baseline design can be used when a reversal design is impossible or unethical. (True/False)

  44. The multiple baseline design utilizes the participant as his or her own control by applying the independent variable successively to different dependent variables. (True/False)