Ninth Edition CoverGraziano & Raulin
Research Methods (9th edition)

Chapter 11 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
Correlated-Groups and Single-Subject Designs

Now that you have familiarity with the new key terms of this chapter, it is time to begin using the terms in the context of the chapter material. See if you can fill-in-the-blanks in the following discussions. To get the correct answer, click on the blank.

  1. Correlated-groups designs provide an experimental alternative to the independent-groups designs. In independent-groups designs, participants are __________ assigned to one of the experimental conditions. This gives us reasonable confidence that the groups are __________ at the beginning of the study. In __________ -groups designs, this equivalence prior to the beginning of the study is assured in other ways. Correlated-groups designs are generally more __________ than between-subjects designs to the effects of the independent variable.

  2. In Chapter 11, two basic correlated-groups designs were discussed. In the __________-__________ design, all participants are exposed to all experimental conditions. The participant serves as his or her own __________ . In contrast, in the __________-__________ design, different participants appear in each condition, but each participant is paired with a matched participant in each condition.

  3. The within-subjects design creates a possible source of __________ that does not exist in the between- subjects design. This potential confounding--called __________-__________ --results because the experience in one condition might affect how participants respond in subsequent conditions. In a(n) __________-__________ design, such an effect is impossible because participants appear in only one condition. Sequence effects can be controlled by systematically or __________ varying the __________ of presentation of conditions. One systematic control for sequence effects is __________, in which the order of presentation of conditions is systematically varied so that every possible order of conditions is represented in the study.

  4. The most commonly used statistical analysis for within-subjects designs is the __________- __________ ANOVA. This ANOVA has three components. The between-groups variance is computed the same as in a simple one-way ANOVA. However, the __________-__________ variance is divided into two terms. The __________ term is the individual differences component of the within-groups variability. The __________ term is what is left of the within-groups variability after the individual differences component is removed.

  5. There are a number of strengths to the within-subjects design. Because the __________ participants appear in all groups, there are no differences between the groups at the beginning of the study. Another advantage is that within-subjects designs are more __________ than between-subjects designs to the effects of the independent variable. This is because the within-subjects design removes the __________- __________ component from the error variance. This allows us to use __________ participants in the within-subjects design and still be able to test the hypothesis with the same degree of sensitivity as might be obtained in a between-subjects design. We also require fewer participants in a(n) __________- __________ design, because the same participants appear in every condition. Having ten participants per condition with three conditions in a between-subjects design requires a total of __________ participants, while only __________ participants would be required in a within-subjects design.

  6. There are also some disadvantages of the within-subjects design. __________-__________, if not properly controlled, could dramatically confound the results of the study. __________ effects represent a type of sequence effect in which the growing experience with the procedure as participants move through conditions affects their performance. The practice effect can either be __________, in which performance improves over time, or __________, in which performance is reduced over time. __________-__________ effects are sequence effects due to the influence of a particular condition or combination of conditions on the response to the following conditions. Unlike __________ effects, where the degree of effect is dependent on how many conditions preceded the current condition, with carry-over effects some conditions may have much more powerful effects on subsequent conditions, while other conditions have little or no effect on the conditions that follow. __________ the order of presentation is the best control for both practice and carry-over effects. It is possible with some practice effects to minimize their impact by allowing all participants a practice period at the beginning of the study to bring them up to a criterion level. However, even there, __________ is a more effective control procedure. Note that, if strong carry-over effects are expected, the __________-__________ design is not recommended. In such a case, either a between-subjects design or a matched-subjects design is preferred.

  7. In the matched-subjects design, __________ are equivalent at the start of the study because they have been specifically matched, participant for participant, on one or more relevant variables. The matched-subjects design has the greater __________ that is found in within-subjects designs without the added problem of __________ effects. The cost to the experimenter for these advantages is the time and energy that it takes to achieve the __________ .

  8. Matching participants can be very time consuming and tedious. Participants should be matched on __________ variables, i.e., variables that affect the dependent variable. If there are two conditions, participants need to be matched in __________ on the relevant variable; if there are three conditions, participants need to be matched in triplets on the relevant variable. If there are two groups, one member of each pair of participants is __________ assigned to the first group, with the other member of the pair automatically assigned to the second group. It is possible to match on more than one variable at a time, but such matching is very difficult to accomplish in practice.

  9. Data from matched-subjects designs are analyzed as if the data came from a __________- __________ design. Matched-subjects data are treated as if the __________ participant was tested in each condition instead of a matched set of participants.

  10. The principle advantage of the matched-subjects design is that it retains the greater sensitivity or __________ of the within-subjects design without the disadvantage of sequence effects. __________ can be tedious and difficult and may be impossible if the relevant variable(s) is (are) not known.

  11. Single-subject designs have a long history in psychology. Unlike the __________-__________- __________ single-case study, in the single-subject designs, the independent variable is __________ in order to test causal hypotheses. In the ABA or __________ design, the participant is measured on the dependent variable, first at a no-treatment __________, then during __________, and finally during a return or __________ to the no-treatment condition. The effect of the __________ variable on the dependent variable is demonstrated if the behavior changes in the predicted direction whenever the conditions are reversed. In many situations, a third reversal back to the __________ condition is made because of the researcher's ethical responsibility to leave the participant in the best possible condition.

  12. The multiple baseline design evaluates the effects of a(n) __________ variable on two or more dependent variables. The effect of the independent variable is demonstrated in this case by the timing of the changes in the various __________ variables. If the change in a particular dependent variable occurs only when the independent variable treatment is applied and this effect is found for all of the __________ variables, than a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables is assumed.

  13. In the single-subject, randomized, __________- __________ design, an independent variable is __________, and its effect on a __________ variable is observed. The independent variable is applied at a __________ point within a series of measures on the dependent variable. 

  14. Replication can be achieved in several ways: __________ the experiment with the same participants; running a series of _________-_________ experiments with different __________; evaluating complex treatment packages with multiple _________ or on different clinical ___________.