Graziano & Raulin
Research Methods (9th edition)
Chapter 6 Multiple-Choice Questions
Field Research
Naturalistic and Case-Study Research
Test yourself on these multiple-choice questions. Clicking on the letter of your choice will give you immediate feedback on whether you are correct. Even when you are incorrect, you will receive feedback that will help you learn the material better so that you do well on the exam.
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Ethologists study the behavior of animals in their natural environment. Which of the following constraint levels would be used most frequently by ethologists?
(a) naturalistic
(b) correlational
(c) differential
(d) experimental -
What is(are) the principle advantage(s) of low-constraint research?
(a) It is much easier to conduct than high-constraint research.
(b) You can maintain tighter controls on extraneous variables.
(c) You have the flexibility to adjust your focus depending on what you find.
(d) all of the above -
Which of the following is a good example of naturalistic research?
(a) The studies of Charles Darwin during his five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle.
(b) Jane Goodall's study of the chimpanzee in Tanzania.
(c) Adeline Levine's study of the residents of the Love Canal.
(d) all of the above -
In naturalistic and case-study research,
(a) no controls are needed.
(b) the controls are primarily on the observer.
(c) the controls are primarily on the participant in order to specify and delimit the behavior of the participant.
(d) the highest level of control possible is imposed on both the participant and the observer. -
Rosenhan investigated the experiences of psychiatric patients in mental hospitals by
(a) asking patients to describe their experiences.
(b) unobtrusively observing the behavior of patients on psychiatric hospital wards.
(c) asking normal people to admit themselves to mental hospitals by feigning symptoms.
(d) asking psychiatrists to describe the environment of a typical mental hospital. -
The research of Jean Piaget on the cognitive development of children is an example of
(a) naturalistic research.
(b) case-study research.
(c) differential research.
(d) experimental research. -
The case-study level of constraint is used to study
(a) differences between psychopathological populations.
(b) the effects of treatment on psychological problems.
(c) any behavior of any kind of subject in a relatively unconstrained setting.
(d) either a or b -
When a new research area is first studied,
(a) it is critically important to use the highest constraint research procedures in order to maximize control over the unknown confounding variables.
(b) the researcher should specify exactly what causal relationships he/she is expecting to observe.
(c) the research variables should all be clearly specified before any observations are made.
(d) the researcher should use low-constraint procedures because of the greater flexibility they offer. -
For which of the following conditions would low-constraint research techniques be appropriate?
(a) when the research area is new and the researcher has little idea what to expect
(b) when the researcher is interested in the behavior of a single participant and is not interested in generalizing the findings beyond that single participant
(c) when the researcher wants to demonstrate the feasibility of a new research or treatment procedure
(d) all of the above -
Low-constraint research procedures can contribute to the generalizability of findings if
(a) the researcher begins his/her research with extensive low-constraint observations.
(b) high-constraint findings from the laboratory are tested by making observations in naturalistic settings.
(c) the sample sizes are kept small so that careful observation of all participants is possible.
(d) none of the above -
Which of the following would NOT be found in low-constraint research?
(a) Sophisticated measurement instruments.
(b) Observation of more than one participant.
(c) Random assignment of participants to conditions.
(d) Any sort of statistical analysis. -
Low-constraint research
(a) can negate a general proposition, but cannot establish a general proposition.
(b) can establish a general proposition, but cannot negate a general proposition.
(c) can only establish causal relationships.
(d) none of the above -
The type of relationship that is best described by the phase, "If X occurs, then Y is very likely to occur," is a
(a) causal relationship.
(b) nonprobability relationship.
(c) contingency.
(d) linear relationship. -
Problem statements at the naturalistic and case-study levels of constraint are focused on
(a) identifying contingencies.
(b) quantifying the direction and strength of a relationship between two or more variables.
(c) issues of causality.
(d) determining differences between groups. -
Which level of constraint allows us to draw causal inferences with confidence?
(a) differential
(b) naturalistic
(c) case-study
(d) experimental -
Which of the following studies used a participant observer approach?
(a) Darwin's study of natural selection
(b) Levine's study of the Love Canal Home Owner's Association
(c) Goodall's study of chimpanzees
(d) all of the above -
Which of the following procedures would help to control measurement reactivity?
(a) Using an unobtrusive observational procedure.
(b) Using a participant observer.
(c) either a or b
(d) none of the above -
Which of the following issues complicate the use of unobtrusive measures?
(a) There is no way to establish clearly the reliability of such measures.
(b) There is no way to establish clearly the validity of such measures.
(c) A person's behavior will be distorted by the use of unobtrusive measures, making generalizability to other settings impossible.
(d) There is an ethical issue of measuring people's behavior without their knowledge or permission. -
In low-constraint research we should be concerned with
(a) sampling of participants.
(b) sampling of behaviors.
(c) sampling of situations.
(d) all of the above. -
Which of the following is an example of an ex post facto fallacy?
(a) Since A and B are related, you assume that A caused B.
(b) Since the manipulation of the independent variable A results in a consistent change in the dependent variable B, you assume that the change in A causes the change in B.
(c) Since no correlation between A and B is found, you assume that there is no causal relationship between A and B.
(d) Since only a contingency between A and B is established, you assume that there is no causal connection between A and B.