Ninth Edition CoverGraziano & Raulin
Research Methods (9th edition)

Chapter 8 True/False Questions
Hypothesis Testing, Validity,
and Threats to Validity

Challenge yourself with these true/false questions. Click on your choice to see if you are correct.

  1. Experimental research is at the lowest constraint level. (True/False)

  2. Experimental research answers questions about causality. (True/False)

  3. The major weakness with experimentation is that confounding is always introduced by manipulation of the variable. (True/False)

  4. The major goal of experimentation is to observe contingencies. (True/False)

  5. When you operationalize problem statements, they become research hypotheses. (True/False)

  6. Active manipulation of the independent variable adds confidence to our causal inferences. (True/False)

  7. Hypotheses can be tested at all levels of research, not just at the experimental level. (True/False)

  8. Testing causal hypotheses is a crucial part of case-study research. (True/False)

  9. A clear statement of the problem is not needed in experimental research. (True/False)

  10. In the study of autistic children, the independent variable was disruptive behavior. (True/False)

  11. A good experimental research hypothesis identifies the independent variable. (True/False)

  12. The confounding variable hypothesis is subjected to direct testing in experimentation. (True/False)

  13. The null hypothesis is tested before the causal hypothesis. (True/False)

  14. An experimental research hypothesis contains three hypotheses. (True/False)

  15. Confounding variables must be ruled out in order to draw causal conclusions. (True/False)

  16. Experimental research hypotheses are declarative statements because we have high confidence that they are true. (True/False)

  17. According to Kerlinger and Lee, a good problem statement should at least imply the possibility of empirical testing. (True/False)

  18. Problem statements are in the form of questions. (True/False)

  19. In the study of autistic children, their state of relaxation is a fact. (True/False)

  20. Low-constraint research is used when a research area is new. (True/False)

  21. Darley and Latane found that bystanders are more likely to help someone in distress if there are many people around. (True/False)

  22. Every experiment must have at least two control groups. (True/False)

  23. There is a high level of experimenter control in experimentation. (True/False)

  24. The research hypothesis is developed from the problem statement by adding the operational definitions. (True/False)

  25. An experimental research hypothesis predicts a causal relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. (True/False)

  26. In the research on training autistic children in relaxation, the independent variable was relaxation. (True/False)

  27. In differential research, a major goal is to determine if there are group differences. (True/False)

  28. The data from differential research are not sufficient to draw causal inferences. (True/False)

  29. Each constraint level can be applied to any research hypothesis. (True/False)

  30. Active manipulation in experimentation helps to eliminate alternative hypotheses. (True/False)

  31. In experimental research, the dependent variable is actively manipulated by the experimenter. (True/False)

  32. Constraint is a continuum of control or demand. (True/False)

  33. In differential research, participants are randomly assigned to conditions. (True/False)

  34. Correlational research answers questions about causality. (True/False)

  35. In the research with autistic children, relaxation was the dependent variable. (True/False)

  36. The null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis. (True/False)

  37. The causal hypothesis is stated at the correlational level of research. (True/False)

  38. In experiments, the confounding variable hypothesis is tested directly. (True/False)

  39. There are only two types of validity in research. (True/False)

  40. Validity refers to the consistency of a measure. (True/False)

  41. Multiple research hypotheses based on a single problem statement provide replication. (True/False)

  42. Naturalistic research requires at least one control group. (True/False)

  43. Each experimental problem statement will yield only one research hypothesis. (True/False)

  44. Rival hypotheses are alternative hypotheses. (True/False)

  45. Poor reliability of measures is a threat to statistical validity. (True/False)

  46. The question, "Will the study's results support the theory behind the research?" indicates a concern with construct validity. (True/False)

  47. The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other participants and conditions is its external validity. (True/False)

  48. External validity is at the very heart of experimentation. (True/False)

  49. Control groups are seldom necessary in experimental research. (True/False)